PicoRV32 - A Size-Optimized RISC-V CPU ====================================== PicoRV32 is a CPU core that implements the [RISC-V RV32I Instruction Set](http://riscv.org/). Tools (gcc, binutils, etc..) can be obtained via the [RISC-V Website](http://riscv.org/download.html#tab_tools). PicoRV32 is free and open hardware licensed under the [ISC license](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_license) (a license that is similar in terms to the MIT license or the 2-clause BSD license). #### Table of Contents - [Features and Typical Applications](#features-and-typical-applications) - [Files in this Repository](#files-in-this-repository) - [Verilog Module Parameters](#verilog-module-parameters) - [Cycles per Instruction Performance](#cycles-per-instruction-performance) - [PicoRV32 Native Memory Interface](#picorv32-native-memory-interface) - [Pico Co-Processor Interface (PCPI)](#pico-co-processor-interface-pcpi) - [Custom Instructions for IRQ Handling](#custom-instructions-for-irq-handling) - [Building a pure RV32I Toolchain](#building-a-pure-rv32i-toolchain) - [Evaluation: Timing and Utilization on Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs](#evaluation-timing-and-utilization-on-xilinx-7-series-fpgas) Features and Typical Applications --------------------------------- - Small (~1000 LUTs in a 7-Series Xilinx FPGA) - High fMAX (~250 MHz on 7-Series Xilinx FPGAs) - Selectable native memory interface or AXI4-Lite master - Optional IRQ support (using a simple custom ISA) - Optional Co-Processor Interface This CPU is meant to be used as auxiliary processor in FPGA designs and ASICs. Due to its high fMAX it can be integrated in most existing designs without crossing clock domains. When operated on a lower frequency, it will have a lot of timing slack and thus can be added to a design without compromising timing closure. For even smaller size it is possible disable support for registers `x16`..`x31` as well as `RDCYCLE[H]`, `RDTIME[H]`, and `RDINSTRET[H]` instructions, turning the processor into an RV32E core. Furthermore it is possible to choose between a single-port and a dual-port register file implementation. The former provides better performance while the latter results in a smaller core. *Note: In architectures that implement the register file in dedicated memory resources, such as many FPGAs, disabling the 16 upper registers and/or disabling the dual-port register file may not further reduce the core size.* The core exists in two variations: `picorv32` and `picorv32_axi`. The former provides a simple native memory interface, that is easy to use in simple environments, and the latter provides an AXI-4 Lite Master interface that can easily be integrated with existing systems that are already using the AXI standard. A separate core `picorv32_axi_adapter` is provided to bridge between the native memory interface and AXI4. This core can be used to create custom cores that include one or more PicoRV32 cores together with local RAM, ROM, and memory-mapped peripherals, communicating with each other using the native interface, and communicating with the outside world via AXI4. The optional IRQ feature can be used to react to events from the outside, implement fault handlers, or catch instructions from a larger ISA and emulate them in software. The optional Pico Co-Processor Interface (PCPI) can be used to implement non-branching instructions in an external coprocessor. An implementation of a core that implements the `MUL[H[SU|U]]` instructions is provided. Files in this Repository ------------------------ #### README.md You are reading it right now. #### picorv32.v This Verilog file contains the following Verilog modules: | Module | Description | | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | | `picorv32` | The PicoRV32 CPU | | `picorv32_axi` | The version of the CPU with AXI4-Lite interface | | `picorv32_axi_adapter` | Adapter from PicoRV32 Memory Interface to AXI4-Lite | | `picorv32_pcpi_mul` | A PCPI core that implements the `MUL[H[SU|U]]` instructions | Simply copy this file into your project. #### Makefile and testbench.v A basic test environment. Run `make test`, `make test_sp` and/or `make test_axi` to run the test firmware in different hardware configurations. *Note: The test bench is using Icarus Verilog. However, Icarus Verilog 0.9.7 (the latest release at the time of writing) has a few bugs that prevent the test bench from running. Upgrade to the latest github master of Icarus Verilog to run the test bench.* #### firmware/ A simple test firmware. This runs the basic tests from `tests/`, some C code, tests IRQ handling and the multiply PCPI core. All the code in `firmware/` is in the public domain. Simply copy whatever you can use. #### tests/ Simple instruction-level tests from [riscv-tests](https://github.com/riscv/riscv-tests). #### dhrystone/ Another simple test firmware that runs the Dhrystone benchmark. #### scripts/ Various scripts and examples for different (synthesis) tools and hardware architectures. Verilog Module Parameters ------------------------- The following Verilog module parameters can be used to configure the PicoRV32 core. #### ENABLE_COUNTERS (default = 1) This parameter enables support for the `RDCYCLE[H]`, `RDTIME[H]`, and `RDINSTRET[H]` instructions. This instructions will cause a hardware trap (like any other unsupported instruction) if `ENABLE_COUNTERS` is set to zero. *Note: Strictly speaking the `RDCYCLE[H]`, `RDTIME[H]`, and `RDINSTRET[H]` instructions are not optional for an RV32I core. But chances are they are not going to be missed after the application code has been debugged and profiled. This instructions are optional for an RV32E core.* #### ENABLE_REGS_16_31 (default = 1) This parameter enables support for registers the `x16`..`x31`. The RV32E ISA excludes this registers. However, the RV32E ISA spec requires a hardware trap for when code tries to access this registers. This is not implemented in PicoRV32. #### ENABLE_REGS_DUALPORT (default = 1) The register file can be implemented with two or one read ports. A dual ported register file improves performance a bit, but can also increase the size of the core. #### LATCHED_MEM_RDATA (default = 0) Set this to 1 if the `mem_rdata` is kept stable by the external circuit after a transaction. In the default configuration the PicoRV32 core only expects the `mem_rdata` input to be valid in the cycle with `mem_valid && mem_ready` and latches the value internally. This parameter is only available for the `picorv32` core. In the `picorv32_axi` core this is implicitly set to 0. #### ENABLE_PCPI (default = 0) Set this to 1 to enable the Pico Co-Processor Interface (PCPI). #### ENABLE_MUL (default = 0) This parameter internally enables PCPI and instantiates the `picorv32_pcpi_mul` core that implements the `MUL[H[SU|U]]` instructions. The external PCPI interface only becomes functional when ENABLE_PCPI is set as well. #### ENABLE_IRQ (default = 0) Set this to 1 to enable IRQs. (see "Custom Instructions for IRQ Handling" below for a discussion of IRQs) #### ENABLE_IRQ_QREGS (default = 1) Set this to 0 to disable support for the `getq` and `setq` instructions. Without the q-registers, the irq return address will be stored in x3 (gp) and the IRQ bitmask in x4 (tp), the global pointer and thread pointer registers according to the RISC-V ABI. Code generated from ordinary C code will not interact with those registers. Support for q-registers is always disabled when ENABLE_IRQ is set to 0. #### ENABLE_IRQ_TIMER (default = 1) Set this to 0 to disable support for the `timer` instruction. Support for the timer is always disabled when ENABLE_IRQ is set to 0. #### MASKED_IRQ (default = 32'h 0000_0000) A 1 bit in this bitmask corresponds to a permanently disabled IRQ. #### LATCHED_IRQ (default = 32'h ffff_ffff) A 1 bit in this bitmask indicates that the corresponding IRQ is "latched", i.e. when the IRQ line is high for only one cycle, the interrupt will be marked as pending and stay pending until the interrupt handler is called (aka "pulse interrupts" or "edge-triggered interrupts"). Set a bit in this bitmask to 0 to convert an interrupt line to operate as "level sensitive" interrupt. #### PROGADDR_RESET (default = 32'h 0000_0000) The start address of the program. #### PROGADDR_IRQ (default = 32'h 0000_0010) The start address of the interrupt handler. Cycles per Instruction Performance ---------------------------------- *A short reminder: This core is optimized for size, not performance.* Unless stated otherwise, the following numbers apply to a PicoRV32 with ENABLE_REGS_DUALPORT active and connected to a memory that can accommodate requests within one clock cycle. The average Cycles per Instruction (CPI) is 4 to 5, depending on the mix of instructions in the code. The CPI numbers for the individual instructions can be found in the table below. The column "CPI (SP)" contains the CPI numbers for a core built without ENABLE_REGS_DUALPORT. | Instruction | CPI | CPI (SP) | | ---------------------| ----:| --------:| | direct jump (jal) | 3 | 3 | | ALU reg + immediate | 3 | 3 | | ALU reg + reg | 3 | 4 | | branch (not taken) | 3 | 4 | | memory load | 5 | 5 | | memory store | 5 | 6 | | branch (taken) | 5 | 6 | | indirect jump (jalr) | 6 | 6 | | shift operations | 4-14 | 4-15 | When `ENABLE_MUL` is activated, then a `MUL` instruction will execute in 40 cycles and a `MULH[SU|U]` instruction will execute in 72 cycles. Dhrystone benchmark results: 0.309 DMIPS/MHz (544 Dhrystones/Second/MHz) For the Dhrystone benchmark the average CPI is 4.167. PicoRV32 Native Memory Interface -------------------------------- The native memory interface of PicoRV32 is a simple valid-ready interface that can run one memory transfer at a time: output mem_valid output mem_instr input mem_ready output [31:0] mem_addr output [31:0] mem_wdata output [ 3:0] mem_wstrb input [31:0] mem_rdata The core initiates a memory transfer by asserting `mem_valid`. The valid signal stays high until the peer asserts `mem_ready`. All core outputs are stable over the `mem_valid` period. #### Read Transfer In a read transfer `mem_wstrb` has the value 0 and `mem_wdata` is unused. The memory reads the address `mem_addr` and makes the read value available on `mem_rdata` in the cycle `mem_ready` is high. There is no need for an external wait cycle. The memory read can be implemented asynchronously with `mem_ready` going high in the same cycle as `mem_valid`, or `mem_ready` being tied to constant 1. #### Write Transfer In a write transfer `mem_wstrb` is not 0 and `mem_rdata` is unused. The memory write the data at `mem_wdata` to the address `mem_addr` and acknowledges the transfer by asserting `mem_ready`. There is no need for an external wait cycle. The memory can acknowledge the write immediately with `mem_ready` going high in the same cycle as `mem_valid`, or `mem_ready` being tied to constant 1. #### Look-Ahead Interface The PicoRV32 core also provides a "Look-Ahead Memory Interface" that provides all information about the next memory transfer one clock cycle earlier than the normal interface. output mem_la_read output mem_la_write output [31:0] mem_la_addr output [31:0] mem_la_wdata output [ 3:0] mem_la_wstrb In the clock cycle before `mem_valid` goes high, this interface will output a pulse on `mem_la_read` or `mem_la_write` to indicate the start of a read or write transaction in the next clock cycles. *Note: The signals `mem_la_read`, `mem_la_write`, and `mem_la_addr` are driven by combinatorial circuits within the PicoRV32 core. It might be harder to achieve timing closure with the look-ahead interface than with the normal memory interface described above.* Pico Co-Processor Interface (PCPI) ---------------------------------- The Pico Co-Processor Interface (PCPI) can be used to implement non-branching instructions in external cores: output pcpi_valid output [31:0] pcpi_insn output [31:0] pcpi_rs1 output [31:0] pcpi_rs2 input pcpi_wr input [31:0] pcpi_rd input pcpi_wait input pcpi_ready When an unsupported instruction is encountered and the PCPI feature is activated (see ENABLE_PCPI above), then `pcpi_valid` is asserted, the instruction word itself is output on `pcpi_insn`, the `rs1` and `rs2` fields are decoded and the values in those registers are output on `pcpi_rs1` and `pcpi_rs2`. An external PCPI core can then decode the instruction, execute it, and assert `pcpi_ready` when execution of the instruction is finished. Optionally a result value can be written to `pcpi_rd` and `pcpi_wr` asserted. The PicoRV32 core will then decode the `rd` field of the instruction and write the value from `pcpi_rd` to the respective register. When no external PCPI core acknowledges the instruction within 16 clock cycles, then an illegal instruction exception is raised and the respective interrupt handler is called. A PCPI core that needs more than a couple of cycles to execute an instruction, should assert `pcpi_wait` as soon as the instruction has been decoded successfully and keep it asserted until it asserts `pcpi_ready`. This will prevent the PicoRV32 core from raising an illegal instruction exception. Custom Instructions for IRQ Handling ------------------------------------ *Note: The IRQ handling features in PicoRV32 do not follow the RISC-V Privileged ISA specification. Instead a small set of very simple custom instructions is used to implement IRQ handling with minimal hardware overhead.* The following custom instructions are only supported when IRQs are enabled via the `ENABLE_IRQ` parameter (see above). The PicoRV32 core has a built-in interrupt controller with 32 interrupt inputs. An interrupt can be triggered by asserting the corresponding bit in the `irq` input of the core. When the interrupt handler is started, the `eoi` End Of Interrupt (EOI) signals for the handled interrupts go high. The `eoi` signals go low again when the interrupt handler returns. The IRQs 0-2 can be triggered internally by the following built-in interrupt sources: | IRQ | Interrupt Source | | ---:| -----------------------------------| | 0 | Timer Interrupt | | 1 | SBREAK or Illegal Instruction | | 2 | BUS Error (Unalign Memory Access) | This interrupts can also be triggered by external sources, such as co-processors connected via PCPI. The core has 4 additional 32-bit registers `q0 .. q3` that are used for IRQ handling. When the IRQ handler is called, the register `q0` contains the return address and `q1` contains a bitmask of all IRQs to be handled. This means one call to the interrupt handler needs to service more than one IRQ when more than one bit is set in `q1`. Registers `q2` and `q3` are uninitialized and can be used as temporary storage when saving/restoring register values in the IRQ handler. All of the following instructions are encoded under the `custom0` opcode. The f3 and rs2 fields are ignored in all this instructions. See [firmware/custom_ops.S](firmware/custom_ops.S) for GNU assembler macros that implement mnemonics for this instructions. See [firmware/start.S](firmware/start.S) for an example implementation of an interrupt handler assembler wrapper, and [firmware/irq.c](firmware/irq.c) for the actual interrupt handler. #### getq rd, qs This instruction copies the value from a q-register to a general-purpose register. 0000000 ----- 000XX --- XXXXX 0001011 f7 rs2 qs f3 rd opcode Example: getq x5, q2 #### setq qd, rs This instruction copies the value from a general-purpose register to a q-register. 0000001 ----- XXXXX --- 000XX 0001011 f7 rs2 rs f3 qd opcode Example: setq q2, x5 #### retirq Return from interrupt. This instruction copies the value from `q0` to the program counter and re-enables interrupts. 0000010 ----- 00000 --- 00000 0001011 f7 rs2 rs f3 rd opcode Example: retirq #### maskirq The "IRQ Mask" register contains a bitmask of masked (disabled) interrupts. This instruction writes a new value to the irq mask register and reads the old value. 0000011 ----- XXXXX --- XXXXX 0001011 f7 rs2 rs f3 rd opcode Example: maskirq x1, x2 The processor starts with all interrupts disabled. An illegal instruction or bus error while the illegal instruction or bus error interrupt is disabled will cause the processor to halt. #### waitirq Pause execution until an interrupt becomes pending. The bitmask of pending IRQs is written to `rd`. 0000100 ----- 00000 --- XXXXX 0001011 f7 rs2 rs f3 rd opcode Example: waitirq x1 #### timer Reset the timer counter to a new value. The counter counts down clock cycles and triggers the timer interrupt when transitioning from 1 to 0. Setting the counter to zero disables the timer. The old value of the counter is written to `rd`. 0000101 ----- XXXXX --- XXXXX 0001011 f7 rs2 rs f3 rd opcode Example: timer x1, x2 Building a pure RV32I Toolchain ------------------------------- The default settings in the [riscv-tools](https://github.com/riscv/riscv-tools) build scripts will build a compiler, assembler and linker that can target any RISC-V ISA, but the libraries are built for RV32G and RV64G targets. Follow the instructions below to build a complete toolchain (including libraries) that target a pure RV32I CPU. The following commands will build the RISC-V gnu toolchain and libraries for a pure RV32I target, and install it in `/opt/riscv32i`: sudo mkdir /opt/riscv32i sudo chown $USER /opt/riscv32i git clone https://github.com/riscv/riscv-gnu-toolchain riscv-gnu-toolchain-rv32i cd riscv-gnu-toolchain-rv32i sed -i 's|--enable-languages|--with-arch=RV32I &|' Makefile.in sed -i 's|asm volatile|value = 0; // &|' newlib/newlib/libc/machine/riscv/ieeefp.c mkdir build; cd build ../configure --with-xlen=32 --prefix=/opt/riscv32i make -j$(nproc) The commands will all be named using the prefix `riscv32-unknown-elf-`, which makes it easy to install them side-by-side with the regular riscv-tools, which are using the name prefix `riscv64-unknown-elf-` by default. Evaluation: Timing and Utilization on Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs ----------------------------------------------------------- The following table lists the maximum clock speeds that PicoRV32 can run at on Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs. This are the values reported by Vivado 2015.1 post place&route static timing analysis with `report_timing`. | Device | Speedgrade | Clock Period (Freq.) | |:-------------------- |:----------:| --------------------:| | Xilinx Artix-7T | -1 | 5.1 ns (196 MHz) | | Xilinx Artix-7T | -2 | 4.1 ns (243 MHz) | | Xilinx Artix-7T | -3 | 3.6 ns (277 MHz) | | Xilinx Kintex-7T | -1 | 3.3 ns (303 MHz) | | Xilinx Kintex-7T | -2 | 2.6 ns (384 MHz) | | Xilinx Kintex-7T | -3 | 2.5 ns (400 MHz) | | Xilinx Virtex-7T | -1 | 3.1 ns (322 MHz) | | Xilinx Virtex-7T | -2 | 2.6 ns (384 MHz) | | Xilinx Virtex-7T | -3 | 2.4 ns (416 MHz) | The following table lists the resource utilization in area-optimized synthesis, as reported by Vivado 2015.1 post optimization with `report_utilization`. The "small" core is PicoRV32 configured down to a RV32E cpu, the "regular" core is PicoRV32 with its default settings and the "large" core is PicoRV32 with enabled PCPI, IRQ and MUL features. | Core Variant | Slice LUTs | LUTs as Memory | |:------------------ | ----------:| --------------:| | PicoRV32 "small" | 855 | 48 | | PicoRV32 "regular" | 996 | 48 | | PicoRV32 "large" | 1814 | 88 | *Note: Most of the size reduction in the "small" core comes from eliminating the counter instructions, not from reducing the size of the register file.*